Childhood Cancer Clusters in California’s Central Valley

Childhood Cancer Clusters in California’s Central Valley Case report :Sakshi Arora March 22, 2012 This case study examines childhood cancers in agricultural communities of Mc Farland and Earlimart from 1978 to 1995. According to the local residents of these communities the main reason for cancer is contamination through pesticide in the agricultural farms which is the major source of employment for the residents of the community. McFarland is a small community in Kern County, with the population of about 6200, located at the southern end of California’s San Joaquin Valley.They are the main source of cotton and Almond in the area. Census Data of 1980 revealed that 40 percent of the population is less than 18 years of age. Main source of employment of the population is the farms with the annual income of merely $4300. Due to the limited source of income they were incapable of having health insurance of themselves and the kids. it has been observed that since1978 to 1990, 14 children in McFarland have childhood cancer which is four times the expected rate.The cancers were of many different types including liver, kidney, eye, adrenal glands, and bone. By 1992, five of the children had died. The families of Mcfarland were disturbed and are in pain due to increasing numbers of the victims. Earlimart is another small farming community located in southern Tulare County about 15 miles north of McFarland in the San Joaquin Valley. Child population of the area is one-third of the adult population. It is surrounded by vineyards.In 1989, the United Farm Workers union uncovered a second cluster of twelve childhood cancers in Earlimart among children of farm workers. Study of Dr. Marion Moses, a medical consultant for the union, revealed that the cancers occurred in area is 12 times higher than estimated numbers. All the victims were not of same kind. Some of them had leukemia where some died of lymphoma or kidney cancer. â€Å"In adults, when you get different types of cancer, then most of the time it is not a Cluster,† It as really shocking as Cancer is rare disease in children, the main thought of question arise about the increasing number ignoring the type of cancer. According to the residents, pesticides are the main cause of increasing number of child death rate in the area. Mcfarland and Earlimart are small communities who are not engaged in lot of activities. Victim’s parents have been examined and most of them reported it is caused by pesticides whereas some residents living have reported that no such incident has been observed in their families.Their main occupation is agriculture in the farms where pesticide is being used. They have reported contamination of water is also one of the reasons for the cancer. The case unfolds the number of cases which happened with the people throughout the period. They also reported that in spite of informing the harmful effect of the pesticides to their boss . To which no action has been taken instead their interference in such matter would a reason of them to be fired from the job.The figures of The California Department of Food and Agriculture revealed that there are more than 1,200 cases in California alone in 1986 based on worker compensation records. Nationwide, one estimate calculated as many as 313,000 pesticide-related illnesses among farm worker each year. Dr. Marion Moses, a San Francisco physician active with farm worker groups and a member of the pesticide advisory committee of the Environmental Protection Agency said the main reason for cancer deaths has direct relationship with the pesticides being used in given county.In 1984, after the discovery of the cancer cluster in McFarland, United Farm Workers, Began a boycott on five chemicals being used on the crop such as phosdrin, captan, dinoseb, methyl bromide, and parathion which were found the main reason for situation. Concerned citizen groups from McFarland asked Kern County officials to look i nto the cancer cluster in their community. Within the year the investigation took over of California department of health services. After five years of their investigation on the area they came up with the conclusion that pesticide is not the reason for the cancer deaths in the area affected. despite of all the researches they were unable to find the specific cause for the situation. on the other hand farmers were confident about the reason for the same. They felt abandoned by the government as they didn’t see and drop of hope. Numbers have been significantly increasing every year. After years of study on the area department of health services decided to stop their study as they didn’t determine the cause for the new cases of cancer every year. Proposition 65, officially known as the â€Å"Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act,†.It is based on the premise that the public and workers have a right to be informed about exposures to chemicals that are known to the state to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. According the proposition list of chemicals has been maintained with its effects to the people. According to the proposition it is the responsibility of the business to inform its employees, clearly about the effects of such materials used in the process. It should be reasonably defined.Also 20months after the pesticide is listed business must not knowingly discharge the waste material into soil or water. The State hazard communication program requires that, whenever employees are working in treated fields or handling pesticides, the employer must display Pesticide Safety Information Series (PSIS) leaflet A-9 (â€Å"Pesticide Safety Rules for Farmworkers â€Å"), PSIS A-8 (â€Å"Safety Rules for Pesticide Handlers on Farms), or PSIS N-8 (â€Å"Safety Rules for Pesticide Handlers in Non-Agricultural Settings â€Å") at the work site or at a central location where workers gather.The State hazard communicatio n program requires that, whenever employees are working in treated fields or handling pesticides, the employer must display Pesticide Safety Information Series (PSIS) leaflet A-9 (â€Å"Pesticide Safety Rules for Farmworkers â€Å"), PSIS A-8 (â€Å"Safety Rules for Pesticide Handlers on Farms), or PSIS N-8 (â€Å"Safety Rules for Pesticide Handlers in Non-Agricultural Settings â€Å") at the work site or at a central location where workers gather.As the information gathered from the case report workers have not been informed about any of the above hazards of health. Also it is strange to observe that pesticides being used in the farms also listed in the list of chemicals under prop 65 which were hazardous are not been informed to the farmers. Also investigations done by the agency didn’t reveal the fact that the pesticides the main cause for the cancer in the area. Under prop 65 list of chemical it is clearly stated pesticide phosdrin causes cancer. I don’t hink the research on the contamination water, air and soil was done properly as none of the facts mentioned under prop 65 has been revealed. Neither list of chemicals has been listed by the farm owners to inform to the workers about the hazardous pesticides in the farm nor the researches revealed the facts. All these researches have been done but victim parents did not got any justice. Since they are poor they got no choice but to live on those farms to earn their living and lost their family members just like that.From 1978to 1990 the people suffered, 28 died . California department of health services took samples for examination, tested soil and air but result were not noticeable. They were only be able to analyses the situation today but couldn’t do anything for the innocent people died in last 12 years. Question arises from this study in the mind as to why this facts were not being examined after years of research by the state and county officials? Were they biased in making a decision?Although lot of research took place in the area but nothing proved fruitful and the mystery remained unsolved by the health department. Since 1992 no case has been examined but the above time period mentioned couldn’t reveal the facts of the history. Sources: Case report retrieved from http://www. law. stanford. edu/publications/casestudies/case_abstracts/ Pesticide and proposition 65 retrieved from http://www. cdpr. ca. gov/docs/dept/factshts/prop65. htm

Theories of Crime: Comparisons and Contrasts

The causes of crime are still really not known. There are many different theories and perspectives on why crime exists. However, even with all of the studies and perspectives on crimes committed, it appears to me that the causes of crime are only speculative. Biological Theory The biological theories primarily study the physical constitution and endocrinology. They are a very good example of the theories that have not really received any practical support. The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereotype that if a person is a criminal then he or she was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a part of and one of the interpretations of criminality but not the only ones. In the present time, there is no assertive evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality. Nevertheless, these theories have a right to exist and there has been a lot of important information that is used in terms of the development of criminology as a science. The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. The origin of scientific criminology is usually traced to the research of Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Behavioral Crimes While some may not agree with me, I believe some people just commit crimes. A lot of these people were brought up in violent homes, had parents who were not good examples such as, taking harsh drugs, abusing their children, leaving their children alone for long periods of time and so on. True fact: I grew up with a very abusive father, who ended up killing our mother. I was one of nine children, all of whom were beaten grotesquely everyday and for no known cause. Certainly, we all grew up being adults as children (i. e. , protecting each other, always living in a â€Å"survival mode†) and we were terrorized on a daily basis. However, that having been said, my brothers and sisters and I tried, and for the most part, succeeded in actually growing up, getting sociably acceptable jobs, and we never committed a crime. We were blessed in the fact that, after we were older and were making our own money, we were able to seek out counseling and other avenues to overcome the terror that we all grew up with for 18 years. Our mother died at the very young age of 49 and because of that, she was taken away from us on September 1, 1980. Looking back on it, we all know that our father was basically mentally ill, denying or even thinking, he had an illness and he was just a very angry person and very jealous of our mother, who was a very beautiful, kind, loving (of all people) person. He resented the fact that he had children (which he let us know practically every day). I believe his violence and temper where a cause of possibly some form of schizophrenia and just plain selfishness. Nothing was ever positive to him. However, when he got drunk, which wasn’t very often, he became the nicest person on the planet. We children used to say to each other that – we wished we could keep him drunk all of the time. I believe his actions were based on a biological and behavioral imbalance. The Cognitive Theory Another true event. In July of 1991, while attending law school, I was on my way to classes and had to take the train to get there. While parking in an outside space, a young man (who was 6’ 3† tall and built just like a grown man) came up and put a gun to my head and told me to drive the car. He beat me brutally, and kept telling me to start the car and drive. Skipping over a lot of detail, it came down to where he almost choked me to death and I knew I was dying. Not to sound fanatical, but I said a prayer as I was dying and somehow, I got this superhuman strength and beat the heck out of his head and was able to escape from my car. In the end, he was caught within 10 minutes and had seven (7) felonies against him. He was sentenced to a Maryland State Penitentiary for 20 years and had to serve each felony on a concurrent basis. The reason for his attack on me was that he was being initiated into a gang and that was his initiation. He had to kill a female. As he came up clean on all drug and alcohol tests, it turned out that he was the son of the drug cartel Noriega’s chauffer. He was very angry at his mother for divorcing his father and therefore, decided to become a gang member. He may have been looking for acceptance, or just a way to vent his anger. That would be another speculative case. However, I believe his crime was based on the cognitive theory.

Balance Sheet and Inventory

Chapter 4 Discussion Questions |4-1. |What are the basic benefits and purposes of developing pro forma statements and a cash budget? | | | | | |The pro-forma financial statements and cash budget enable the firm to determine its future level of asset needs and the| | |associated financing that will be required. Furthermore, one can track actual events against the projections. Bankers | | |and other lenders also use these financial statements as a guide in credit decisions. | | | | |4-2. |Explain how the collections and purchases schedules are related to the borrowing needs of the corporation. | | | | | |The collections and purchase schedules measure the speed at which receivables are collected and purchases are paid. To | | |the extent collections do not cover purchasing costs and other financial requirements, the firm must look to borrowing | | |to cover the deficit. | | | | |4-3. |With inflation, what are the implications of using LIFO and FIFO inventory methods? How do they affect the cost of | | |goods sold? | | | | |LIFO inventory valuation assumes the latest purchased inventory becomes part of the cost of goods sold, while the FIFO | | |method assigns inventory items that were purchased first to the cost of goods sold. In an inflationary environment, the| | |LIFO method will result in a higher cost of goods sold figure and one that more accurately matches the sales dollars | | |recorded at urrent dollars. | | | | |4-4. |Explain the relationship between inventory turnover and purchasing needs. | | | | | |The more rapid the turnover of inventory, the greater the need for purchase and replacement. Rapidly turning inventory | | |makes for somewhat greater ease in foreseeing future requirement s and reduces the cost of carrying inventory. | | | |4-5. |Rapid corporate growth in sales and profits can cause financing problems. Elaborate on this statement. | | | | | |Rapid growth in sales and profits is often associated with rapid growth in asset commitment. A $100,000 increase in | | |sales may cause a $50,000 increase in assets, with perhaps only $10,000 of the new financing coming from profits. It | | |is very seldom that incremental profits from sales expansion can meet new financing needs. | | | |4-6. |Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of level production schedules in firms with cyclical sales. | | | | | |Level production in a cyclical industry has the advantage of allowing for the maintenance of a stable work force and | | |reducing inefficiencies caused by shutting down production during slow periods and accelerating work during crash | | |production periods. A major drawback is that a large stock of inventory may be accumulated during the slow sales | | |period. This inventory may be expensive to finance, with an associated danger of obsolescence. | | | | |4-7. |What conditions would help make a percent-of-sales forecast almost as accurate as pro forma financial statements and | | |cash budgets? | | | | | |The percent-of-sales forecast is only as good as the functional relationship of assets and liabilities to sales. To | | |the extent that past relationships accurately depict the future, the percent-of-sales method will give values that | | |reasonably represent the values derived through the pro-forma statements and the cash budget. | Chapter 4 Problems 1. Eli Lilly is very excited because sales for his nursery and plant company are expected to double from $600,000 to $1,200,000 next year. Eli notes that net assets (Assets — Liabilities) will remain at 50 percent of sales. His firm will enjoy an 8 percent return on total sales. He will start the year with $120,000 in the bank and is bragging about the Jaguar and luxury townhouse he will buy. Does his optimistic outlook for his cash position appear to be correct? Compute his likely cash balance or deficit for the end of the year. Start with beginning cash and subtract the asset buildup (equal to 50 percent of the sales increase) and add in profit. 1 Solution: Eli Lilly Beginning cash$120,000 – Asset buildup(300,000)(1/2 ? $600,000) Profit 96,000(8% ? $1,200,000) Ending cash($84,000)Deficit No, he will actually end up with a negative cash balance. 2. In problem 1 if there had been no increase in sales and all other facts were the same, what would Eli’s ending cash balance be? What lesson do the examples in problems 1 and 2 illustrate? 4-2. Solution: Eli Lilly (continued) Beginning cash$120,000 No asset buildup—– Profit 48,000(8% ? $600,000) Ending cash$168,000 The lesson to be learned is that increased sales can increase the financing requirements and reduce cash even for a profitable firm. 3. Gibson Manufacturing Corp. expects to sell the following number of units of steel cables at the prices indicated under three different scenarios in the economy. The probability of each outcome is indicated. What is the expected value of the total sales projection? OutcomeProbabilityUnitsPrice A0. 20100$20 B0. 5018025 C0. 3021030 4-3. Solution: Gibson Manufacturing Corporation |(1) |(2) |(3) |(4) |(5) |(6) | | | | | | |Expected | | | | | |Total |Value | Outcome |Probability |Units |Price |Value |(2 ? 5) | |A |. 20 |100 |$20 |2,000 |400 | |B |. 50 |180 |$25 |4,500 |2,250 | |C |. 0 |210 |$30 |6,300 |1,8900 | | | |Total expected value |$4,540 | 4. The Alliance Corp. expects to sell the following number of units of copper cables at the prices indicated, under three different scenarios in the economy. The probability of each outcome is indicated. What is the expected value of the total sales projection? OutcomeProbabilityUnitsPrice A0. 30200$15 B0. 5032030 C0. 2041040 4-4. Solution: Alliance Corporation |(1) |(2) |(3) |(4) |(5) |(6) | | | | | | |Expected | | | | | |Total |Value | |Outcome |Probability |Units |Price |Value |(2 ? ) | |A |. 30 |200 |$15 |$3,000 | 900 | |B |. 50 |320 |$30 |9,600 | 4,800 | |C |. 20 |410 |$40 |16,400 | 3,280 | | | |Total expected value |$8,980 | . ER Medical Supplies had sales of 2,000 units at $160 per unit last year. The marketing manager projects a 25 percent increase in unit volume this year with a 10 percent price increase. Returned merchandise will represent 5 percent of total sales. What is your net dollar sales projection for this year? 4-5. Solution: ER Medical Supplies | |Unit volume 2,000 ? 1. 25 |2,500 | | |Price $160 ? . 10 |$176 | | |Total Sales |$440,000 | | |Returns (6%) |22,000 | | |Net Sales |$418,000 | 6. Cyber Security Systems had sales of 3,000 units at $50 per unit last year. The marketing manager projects a 20 percent increase in unit volume sales this year with a 10 percent price increase. Returned merchandise will represent 6 percent of total sales. What is your net dollar sales projection for this year? 4-6. Solution: Cyber Security Systems |Unit volume 3,000 ? 1. 20 |3,600 | |Price $50 ? 1. 10 |? 55 | |Total Sales |$198,000 | |Returns (6%) |11,880 | |Net Sales |$186,120 | 7. Sales for Ross Pro’s Sports Equipment are expected to be 4,800 units for the coming month. The company likes to maintain 10 percent of unit sales for each month in ending inventory. Beginning inventory is 300 units. How many units should the firm produce for the coming month? 4-7. Solution: Ross Pro’s Sports Equipment |+ |Projected sales |4,800 |units | |+ |Desired ending inventory |480 |(10% ? ,800) | |– |Beginning inventory | 300 | | | |Units to be produced |4,980 | | | | | 8. Digitex, Inc. , had sales of 6,000 units in March. A 50 percent increase is expected in April. The company will maintain 5 percent of expected unit sales for April in ending inventory. Beginning inventory for April was 200 units. How many units should the company produce in April? 4-8. Solution: Digitex, Inc. |+ |Projected sales |9,000 |units (6,000 ? 1. 5) | |+ |Desired ending inventory |450 |units (5% ? ,000) | |– |Beginning inventory | 200 |units | | |Units to be produced |9,250 |units | 9. Hoover Electronics has beginning inventory of 22,000 units, will sell 60,000 units for the coming month, and desires to reduce ending inventory to 30 percent of beginning inventory. How many units should Hoover produce? 4-9. Solution: Hoover Electronics + |Projected sales |60,000 |units | |+ |Desired ending inventory |6,600 |(30% ? 22,000) | |– |Beginning inventory | 22,000 |units | | |Units to be produced |44,600 |units | 0. On December 31 of last year, Barton Air Filters had in inventory 600 units of its product, which costs $2 8 per unit to produce. During January, the company produced 1,200 units at a cost of $32 per unit. Assuming Barton Air Filters sold 1,500 units in January, what was the cost of goods sold (assume FIFO inventory accounting)? 4-10. Solution: Barton Air Filters |Cost of goods sold on 1,500 units | | | | | | | |Old inventory: | | | | Quantity (Units) |600 | | | Cost per unit |$ 28 | | | Total |$ 16,800 | | | | | | |New inventory: | | | | Quantity (Units) |900 | | | Cost per unit |$ 32 | | | Total |$28,800 | | |Total Cost of Goods Sold |$45,600 | 11. On December 31 of last year, Wolfson Corporation had in inventory 400 units of its product, which cost $21 per unit to produce. During January, the company produced 800 units at a cost of $24 per unit. Assuming that Wolfson Corporation sold 700 units in January, what was the cost of goods sold (assume FIFO inventory accounting)? 4-11. Solution: Wolfson Corporation |Cost of goods sold on 700 units | | | | |Old inventory: | | | Quantit y (Units) |400 | | Cost per unit |$ 21 | | Total |$ 8,400 | | | | |New inventory: | | | Quantity (Units) |300 | | Cost per unit |$ 24 | | Total |$ 7,200 | |Total Cost of Goods Sold |$15,600 | 12. At the end of January, Lemon Auto Parts had an inventory of 825 units, which cost $12 per unit to produce. During February the company produced 750 units at a cost of $16 per unit. If the firm sold 1,050 units in February, what was its cost of goods sold? a. Assume LIFO inventory accounting. b. Assume FIFO inventory accounting. 4-12. Solution: Lemon Auto Parts a. LIFO Accounting |Cost of goods sold on 1,050 units | | |New inventory: | | | Quantity (Units) |750 | | Cost per unit $ 16 | | Total |$12,000 | |Old inventory: | | | Quantity (Units) |300 | | Cost per unit |$ 12 | | Total |$ 3,600 | |Total Cost of Goods Sold |$15,600 | b. FIFO Accounting Cost of goods sold on 1,050 units | | |Old inventory: | | | Quantity (Units) |825 | | Cost per unit |$ 12 | | Total |$ 9,900 | |New inventory: | | | Quantity (Units) |225 | | Cost per unit |$ 16 | | Total |$ 3,600 | |Total Cost of Goods Sold |$15,600 | 13. Convex Mechanical Supplies produces a product with the following costs as of July 1, 2009: Material$ 6 Labor4 Overhead 2 $12 Beginning inventory at these costs on July 1 was 5,000 units. From July 1 to December 1, Convex produced 15,000 units. These units had a material cost of $10 per unit. The costs for labor and overhead were the same. Convex uses FIFO inventory accounting. Assuming that Convex sold 17,000 units during the last six months of the year at $20 each, what would gross profit be? What is the value of ending inventory? 4-13. Solution: Convex Mechanical Supplies |Sales (17,000 @ $20) | | |$340,000 | | |Cost of goods sold: | | | | | |Old inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) |5,000 | | | | | Cost per unit |$ 12 | | | | |Total | |$ 60,000 | | | |New inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) |12,000 | | | | | Cost per unit |$ 16 | | | | |Total | |$192,000 | | |Total cost of goods | | | | | |sold | | |$252,000 | | |Gross profit | | |$ 88,000 | | | | | | | | |Value of ending | | | | | |inventory: | | | | | |Beginning inventory | | | | | |(5,000 ( $ 12) | |$ 60,000 | | | |+ Total production | | | | | |(15,000 ( $16) | |$240,000 | | | |Total inventory | | | | | |available for sale | |$300,000 | | | |– Cost of good sold | |$252,000 | | | |Ending inventory | |$ 48,000 | | | |or | | | | | |3,000 units ( $16 = $48,000 | 14. Assume in problem 13 that Convex used LIFO accounting instead of FIFO. What would gross profit be? What is the value of ending inventory? 4-14. Solution: Convex Mechanical Supplies (Continued) |Sales (17,000 @ $20) | | |$340,000 | | |Cost of goods sold: | | | | | |New inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) |15,000 | | | | | Cost per unit †¦.. |$ 16 | | | | |Total †¦.. |$240,000 | | | |Old inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) †¦.. |2,000 | | | | | Cost per unit †¦.. |$ 12 | | | | |Total †¦.. | |$ 24,000 | | | |Total cost of goods | | | | | |sold †¦.. | | |$264,000 | | |Gross profit †¦.. | |$ 76,000 | | | | | | | | |Value of ending | | | | | |inventory: | | | | | |Be ginning inventory | | | | | |(5,000 ( $12) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |$ 60,000 | | |+ |Total production | | | | | |(15,000 ( $16) †¦.. | |$240,000 | | | |Total inventory | | | | | |available for sale †¦.. | |$300,000 | | |– |Cost of good sold †¦.. | |$264,000 | | | |Ending inventory †¦.. |$ 36,000 | | | |OR | | | | | |3,000 units ( $12 = $36,000 | 15. Jerrico Wallboard Co. had a beginning inventory of 7,000 units on January 1, 2008. The costs associated with the inventory were: Material$9. 00 unit Labor5. 00 unit Overhead4. 10 unit During 2004, Jerrico produced 28,500 units with the following costs: Material$11. 50 unit Labor4. 80 unit Overhead5. 20 unit Sales for the year were 31,500 units at $29. 60 each. Jerrico uses LIFO accounting. What was the gross profit? What was the value of ending inventory? 4-15. Solution: Jerrico Wallboard Co. | |Sales (31,500 @ $29. 0) | | |$932,400 | | |Cost of goods sold: | | | | | |New inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) |28,500 | | | | | Cost per unit |$ 22. 50 | | | | |Total | |$641,250 | | | |Old inventory: | | | | | | Quantity (units) |3,000 | | | | | Cost per unit |$ 18. 0 | | | | |Total | |$ 54,300 | | | |Total cost of goods | | | | | |sold | | |$695,550 | | |Gross profit | | |$236,850 | | | | | | | | |Value of ending inventory: | | | | | |Beginning inventory | | | | | |(7,000 ( $18. 10) | |$126,700 | | | |+ Total production | |$641,250 | | | |(28,500 ( $22. 50) | | | | |Total inventory | | | | | |available for sale | |$767,950 | | | |– Cost of good sold | |$695,550 | | | |Ending inventory | |$ 72,400 | | | |OR | | | | | |4,000 units ( $18. 10 = $72,400 | 16. J. Lo’s Clothiers has forecast credit sales for the fourth quarter of the year as: September (actual)$70,000 Fourth Quarter October$60,000 November55,000 December80,000 Experience has shown that 30 percent of sales are collected in the month of sale, 60 percent in the following month, and 10 percent are never collected. Prepare a schedule of cash receipts for J. Lo’s Clothiers covering the fourth quarter (October through December). 4-16. Solution: J. Lo’s Clothiers | |September |October |November |December | |Credit sales |$70,000 |$60,000 |$55,000 $80,000 | |30% Collected in month of sales | | | | | | | |18,000 |16,500 |24,000 | |60% Collected in month after | | | | | |sales | |42,000 |36,000 |33,000 | |Total cash receipts | | | | | | | |$60,000 |$52,500 |$57,000 | 17. Victoria’s Apparel has forecast credit sales for the fourth quarter of the year as: September (actual)$50,000 Fourth Quarter October$40,000 November35,000 December60,000 Experience has shown that 20 percent of sales are collected in the month of sale, 70 percent in the following month, and 10 percent are never collected. Prepare a schedule of cash receipts for Victoria’s Apparel covering the fourth quarter (October through December). 4-17. Solution: Victoria’s Apparel | |September |October |November |December | |Credit sales |$50,000 |$40,000 |$35,000 $60,000 | |20% Collected in month of sales| | | | | | | |8,000 |7,000 |12,000 | |70% Collected in month after | | | | | |sales | |35,000 |28,000 |24,500 | |Total cash receipts | | | | | | | |$43,000 |$35,000 |$36,500 | 18. Pirate Video Company has made the following sales projections for the next six months. All sales are credit sales. March$24,000June$28,000 April30,000July35,000 May18,000August38,000 Sales in Janu ary and February were $27,000 and $26,000, respectively. Experience has shown that of total sales, 10 percent are uncollectible, 30 percent are collected in the month of sale, 40 percent are collected in the following month, and 20 percent are collected two months after sale. Prepare a monthly cash receipts schedule for the firm for March through August. Of the sales expected to be made during the six months from March through August, how much will still be uncollected at the end of August? How much of this is expected to be collected later? 4-18. Solution: Pirate Video Company Cash Receipts Schedule | |January |February |March |April | Forecasted unit sales |4,000 |10,000 |8,000 |6,000 | |+Desired ending inventory |15,000 |12,000 |9,000 | | |–Beginning inventory |6,000 |15,000 |12,000 | | |Units to be produced |13,000 |7,000 |5,000 | | |Cash Payments | | |Feb |March |April |May | |Units produced |8,000 |13,000 |7,000 |5,000 | |Materials ($7/unit) month after production | | | | | | | |$56,000 |$91,000 |$49,000 | |Labor ($3/unit) mon th of production | | | | | | | |39,000 |21,000 |15,000 | |Fixed overhead | |10,000 |10,000 |10,000 | |Dividends | | | |14,000 | |Total Cash Payments | |$105,000 |$122,000 |$88,000 | 21. Dina’s Lamp Company has forecast its sales in units as follows: |January |1,000 | |February |800 | |March |900 | |April |1,400 | |May |1,550 | |June |1,800 | |July |1,400 | Dina’s always keeps an ending inventory equal to 120 percent of the next month’s expected sales. The ending inventory for December (January’s beginning inventory) is 1,200 units, which is consistent with this policy. Materials cost $14 per unit and are paid for in the month after purchase. Labor cost is $7  per unit and is paid in the month the cost is incurred. Overhead costs are $8,000 per month. Interest of $10,000 is scheduled to be paid in March, and employee bonuses of $15,500 will be paid in June. Prepare a monthly production schedule and a monthly summary of cash payments for January through June. Dina produced 800 units in December. 4-21. Solution: Dina's Lamp Company Production Schedule | |Jan. |Feb. March |April |May |June |July | |Forecasted unit sales |1,000 | |900 |1,400 |1,550 |1,800 |1,400 | |+ Desired ending inventory |960 |1,080 |1,680 |1,860 |2,160 |1,680 | | |– Beginning inventory |1,200 | 960 |1,080 |1,680 | 1,860 | 2,160 | | |= Units to be produced |760 |920 |1,500 |1,580 |1,850 |1,320 | | |Summary of Cash Payments | | |Dec. |Jan. |Feb. |M arch |April |May |June | |Units roduced |800 |760 |920 |1,500 |1,580 |1,850 |1,320 | |Material cost ($14/unit) month after purchase | | | | | | | | | | |$11,200 |$10,640 |$12,880 |$21,000 |$22,120 |$25,900 | |Labor cost ($5/unit) month incurred | | | | | | | | | | |5,320 |6,440 |10,500 |11,060 |12,950 |$9,240 | |Overhead cost | |8,000 |8,000 |8,000 |8,000 |8,000 |8,000 | |Interest | | | |10,000 | | | | |Employee bonuses | | | | | | |15,500 | |Total Cash Payments | |$24,520 |$25,080 |$41,380 |$40,060 |$43,070 |$58,640 | 22. Graham Potato Company has projected sales of $6,000 in September, $10,000 in October, $16,000 in November, and $12,000 in December. Of the company’s sales, 20 percent are paid for by cash and 80 percent are sold on credit. Experience, shows that 40 percent of accounts receivable are paid in the month after the sale, while the remaining 60 percent are paid two months after. Determine collections for November and December. Also assume Graham’s cash payments for November and December are $13,000 and $6,000, respectively. The beginning cash balance in November is $5,000, which is the desired minimum balance. Prepare a cash budget with borrowing needed or repayments for November and December. (You will need to prepare a cash receipts schedule first. ) 4-22. Solution: Graham Potato Company Cash Receipts Schedule |September |October |November |December | |Sales |$6,000 |$10,000 |$16,000 |$12,000 | |Credit sales (80%) |4,800 |8,000 |12,800 |9,600 | |Cash sales (20%) |1,200 |2,000 |3,200 |2,400 | |Collections in month after| | | | | |sales (40%) | | |3,200 |5,120 | |Collections two months | | | | | |after sa les (60%) | | |2,880 |4,800 | |Total cash receipts | | | | | | | | |$9,280 |$12,320 | Graham Potato Company (Continued) Cash Budget | |November |December | |Cash receipts |$ 9,280 |$12,320 | |Cash payments |13,000 |6,000 | |Net Cash Flow |(3,720) |6,320 |Beginning Cash Balance |5,000 |5,000 | |Cumulative Cash Balance |1,280 |11,320 | |Monthly Loan or (Repayment) |3,720 |(3,720) | |Cumulative Loan Balance |3,720 |-0- | |Ending Cash Balance |$ 5,000 |$ 7,600 | 23. Juan’s Taco Company has restaurants in five college towns. Juan wants to expand into Austin and College Station and needs a bank loan to do this. 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(Continued) Juan’s Taco Company Cash Payments Schedule | |January |February |March | |Payments for Material Purchases (20% of current month’s sales) |$ 38,000 |$ 42,000 |$46,000 | |Labor Expense (50% of sales) |95,000 |105,000 |115,000 | |Selling and Admin. Exp. 5% of sales) |9,500 |10,500 |11,500 | |Overhead |12,000 |12,000 |12,000 | |Taxes | | |20,000 | |Dividends | | |16,000 | |Total Cash Payments* |$154,500 |$169,500 |$220,500 | *The $25,000 of depreciation is excluded because it is not a cash expense. 4-23. (Continued) Juan’s Taco Company Cash Budget | |January |February |March | |Total Cash Receipts $146,600 |$175,000 |$207,600 | |Total Cash Payments | 154,500 | 169,500 | 220,500 | |Net Cash Flow |(7,900) |5,500 |(12,900) | |Beginning Cash Balance |70,000 |65,000 |67,600 | |Cumulative Cash Balance |62,100 |70,500 |54,700 | |Monthly Loan or (repayment) |2,900 |(2,900) |10,300 | |Cumulative Loan Balance |2,900 |-0- |10,300 | |Ending Cash Balance |$ 65,000 |$ 67,600 |$ 65,000 | 24. 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Solution: Hickman Avionics Cash Receipts Schedule | |April |May |June |July |Aug. |Sept. |Sales |$410,000 |$400,000 |$380,000 |$360,000 |$390,000 |$420,000 | |Credit Sales (90%) |369,000 |360,000 |342,00 |324,000 |351,000 |378,000 | |Cash Sales (10%) |41,000 |40,000 |38,000 |36,000 |39,000 |42,000 | |Collections (month after sale) 20% | | | | | | | | |73,800 |72,000 |68,400 |64,800 |70,200 | |Collections (second month after sale) 80% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |295,200 |288,000 |273,600 |259,2 00 | |Total Cash Receipts | | |$405,200 |$392,400 |$377,400 |$371,400 | 4-24. (Continued) Hickman Avionics Cash Payments Schedule | |April |May |June |July |Aug. |Sept. |Purchases |$220,000 |$210,000 |$200,000 |$250,000 |$300,000 |$220,000 | |Payments (month after purchase—40%) | | | | | | | | | |88,000 |84,000 |80,000 |100,000 |120,000 | |Payments (second month after purchase—60%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |132,000 |126,000 |120,000 |150,000 |Labor Expense | | | | | | | |(10% of sales) | | |38,000 |36,000 |39,000 |42,000 | |Overhead | | |15,000 |15,000 |15,000 |15,000 | |Interest Payments | | |40,000 | | |40,000 | |Cash Dividend | | |20,000 | | | | |Taxes | | |35,000 | | |35,000 | |Capital Outlay | | | | | |300,000 | |Total Cash Payments | | |$364,000 |$257,000 |$274,000 |$702,000 | 4-24. (Continued) Hickman Avionics Cash Budget | |June |July |August |September | |Cash Receipts |$405,200 |$392,400 |$377,400 |$371,400 | |Cash Payments |364,000 |257,000 274,0 00 |702,000 | |Net Cash Flow |41,200 |135,400 |103,400 |(330,600) | |Beginning Cash Balance |20,000 |50,000 |50,000 |50,000 | |Cumulative Cash Balance |61,200 |185,400 |153,400 |(280,600) | |Monthly Borrowing or (Repayment) |– |– |– |*80,600 | |Cumulative Loan Balance |– |– |– |80,600 | |Marketable Securities Purchased |11,200 |135,400 |103,400 |– | | (Sold) | |– |– |250,000 | |Cumulative Marketable Securities |11,200 |146,600 |250,000 |– | |Ending Cash Balance |50,000 |50,000 |50,000 |50,000 | *Cumulative Marketable Sec. (Aug)$250,000 Cumulative Cash Balance (Sept)–280,600 Required (ending) Cash Balance 50,000 Monthly Borrowing–$80,600 25. Carter Paint Company has plants in nine midwestern states. Sales for last year were $100 million, and the balance sheet at year-end is similar in percentage of sales to that of previous years (and this will continue in the future). All assets (including fixed assets) and current liabilities will vary directly with sales. BALANCE SHEET (in $ millions) AssetsLiabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Cash$ 5Accounts payable$15 Accounts receivable15Accrued wages6 Inventory30Accrued taxes4 Current assets50 Current liabilities25 Fixed assets 40Notes payable30 Common stock15 Retained earnings 20 Total liabilities and Total assets$90 stockholders’ equity$90 Carter Paint has an aftertax profit margin of 5 percent and a dividend payout ratio of 30  percent. If sales grow by 10 percent next year, determine how many dollars of new funds are needed to finance the expansion. (Assume Carter Paint is already using assets at full capacity and that plant must be added. ) 4-25. Solution: Carter Paint Company [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] 26. 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Balance Sheet End of Year (in $ millions) AssetsLiabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Cash$ 10Accounts payable$ 15 Accounts receivable15Accrued expenses5 Inventory50Other payables40 Plant and equipment 75Common stock30 Retained earnings 60 Total liabilities and Total assets$150 stockholders’ equity$150 Cambridge’s marketing staff tells the president that in this coming year there will be a large increase in the demand for tweed sport coats and various shoes. A sales increase of 15 percent is forecast for the Prep Shop. All balance sheet items are expected to maintain the same percent-of-sales relationships as last year*, except for common stock and retained earnings. No change is scheduled in the number of common stock shares outstanding, and retained earnings will change as dictated by the profits and dividend policy of the firm. (Remember the net profit margin is 12 percent. ) a. Will external financing be required for the Prep Shop during the coming year? b. 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Creating Your Dream Job - Essay Example But, as I matured I came to discover my sheer love for kids and teenagers. They are like fine clay which can be moulded into a great art form if they land in the hands of a teacher who inspire. I believe guiding the students morally in their formative years will put an end to many evils in this country. I hope to start my teaching career in the Wellesley high school a famous institution with nearly 1300 students and 75 teachers. People working in the school with the right qualification and over 8 years of experience are selected for the post of the principal through internal recruitment. External recruitment for such reliable position is considered to be costly, time consuming and a tedious process (Armstrong, 1984) by the board members of Wellesley high school. Job Specifications for the High School Principal Post Management and Quality 1. Should manage the school by leading the staff, inspiring the students to work hard and ensure the school is administered well. There are many mod els in organizational management like the motivational model and the mechanistic model. The motivational model will best in this atmosphere. Motivational model requires a leader to train his employees well, remove boredom from work and provide them interesting situations to work with where they can easily unleash their creativity (John, 1989). The greatest challenge the Wellesley school faces is finding and retaining good teachers. So the principle 2. Should be capable of tackling high attrition using innovative motivational theory based ideas. 3. Can frame any new policies regarding the maintenance and development of the school. 4. Should report to the board about how the new policies have influenced the staff and the students positively during the annual review. Adherence to the Rules Ensure every government regulation related to hiring of staff, setting their remuneration, admission of students, performance evaluation and safety of students is followed precisely without any compe nsation. Implementation of Equality 1. The principal should address the various complaints arising from the staff and among the staff immediately. 2. Guarantee no discrimination based on sex, age, race or any other inclination is prevalent in the Wellesley campus in the way the staffs are treated. Finance Management 1. Demonstrate efficient budget management as the principal is the sole repository for all the finance handled in the school. 2. Maintain clear records regarding the fees collected in the school, the subsidiaries given by the government and the donations collected, with the help of his office staff. 3. Prepare quarterly estimates to be submitted in the board audits. The board will conduct financial audits in three months gap to ensure smooth flow of cash and precise reports regarding money handling are maintained. 4. Use the available resources effectively for the development of the school in every way he deems fit like building new classrooms, rolling out new appraisal packages for the staff, recruiting more helpers etc. Student and Staff Handling A school is an organization where collective and organizational learning should be given ample importance. Every principal should be well fledged in tactics like HRM which will help in gaining competitive advantage over others with the help of the staff (Pravin, 2010). The principal should 1. Convert the school environment into a fun filled and cheerful one. The students

Personal Selling and Customer Focus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Selling and Customer Focus - Essay Example Of all these methods forestalling and boomerang methods are the most effective methods of encountering objections. Forestalling can be termed as the best method of dealing with objections. Salespeople should understand that no product is perfect. There are bound to be certain vulnerable areas or features of their product or services. These features have immense chances of being materially different from other competitive products in the market or getting misunderstood by a section of the target audience. There may be many disadvantages attached to a product one is trying to sell like high prices, limited features, lack of service representative in the immediate area, absence of cash discount etc. No matter what the drawbacks are, through the forestall method of objection the salespeople raise the objections before giving the buyer the chance to raise them. For e.g. if the price of a product is high. Before letting the buyer to raise the issue during the sales presentation the salesperson should forestall the objection in the following way: " Though you might feel that the price of this product i s higher than the competitors' product you would have to appreciate the fact that no competitor gives the after sales service as good as we do. Also, the latest technologies have been used to design this product which ensures that it would last longer than any other product in the market." Hence if the salespeople are able to forestall the objection convincingly the buyers are surely going to changer their thoughts without articulating the objection that was in their minds. Boomerang method is also very effective. In the words of Weitz et.al " By using the boomerang method of responding to objections, the salesperson turns the objection into a reason for acting now." (1992, p. 290) Though this method appears very pushy, it can be effectively applied to all personality types. In today's fast pace world every body is short of time and might totally want to ignore the salespeople who are eager to seek an appointment or sell their products. The most common answer to sales call is that " Sorry I don't have enough time now. Perhaps we can talk about it later." Through boomerang technique the salesperson can make use of the time constraint of the buyer in the following way: " I know you have a very busy schedule and that is why this product is most suitable to you because it has the capacity of saving a lot of your time everyday which you can devote in other meaningful activities or in chores that you are longing to do but are not able to do due to lack of ti me." Time and money are the two main constraints of the buyer and through the boomerang method the salesperson can sell the product by making him realize the "benefit of investing these resources." (Weitz et.al., 1992, p. 291) Part 2 To resolve the issue in question the 7 Problem Resolution and Recovery Procedures is the best option. The General Manager should deal with the customer in the following manner: Listen: Listening is the most important thing to do when a customer is complaining about something. Even if the General Manager knows about the entire incident she should listen to the customer attentively. This skill would help in resolving the conflict amicably. Its often found that just by listening attentively to a complaining customer his anger or dissatisfaction

The issues facing duplicity in human nature in The Strange Case of Dr Essay

The issues facing duplicity in human nature in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson - Essay Example â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde perfectly captured some readers’ fears that their carefully built society was hypocritical.†4 Although the idea of man’s double nature—the good and the bad—has been a topic of countless discussions and debates for centuries, Stevenson presented it most vividly in a way that only fiction can.5 It can be said that it is even an allegory6 of a philosophical sense, illustrating what Stevenson might deem as the true nature of man. Some perceive it to be the epitome of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the subconscious—with Mr. Hyde being Dr. Jekyll’s â€Å"subconscious desire to be freed from his society’s restrictions.†7 While others view the novel as one of the first illustrations of the psychological illness that is termed split personality disorder, with the term alter ego (Mr, Hyde) popularized by Freud. Whatever the case, it cannot be denied that The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde sh ows, both then and now, the unquestionable duplicity of the nature of man manifested in the two sides of good and evil. For â€Å"the opposites embodied in the Jekyll/Hyde binary conform to late-Victorian ideas about the brain as a double organ,8† as it is still considered up to now. In this dark novel, Robert Louis Stevenson reveals the issues dealing with the duplicity of human nature. Through his mastery of syntax, constant change in point of view throughout the story, complex use of symbolism, supernatural writing style, and his usage of fear in the unknown, Stevenson shows what can happen if you let the evil inside take over. His example of this is the life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and his alter ego, Mr. Edward Hyde. This paper will discuss the aforementioned elements of the novel as it discusses the characteristic duplicity found in human nature. To further illustrate how Stevenson depicted the issues that come with the inherent characteristic of man’s duplicity, it is best to give a brief synopsis

Thistles and Tall Nettles Essay Example for Free

Thistles and Tall Nettles Essay The poems Tall Nettles by Edward Thomas and Thistles by Ted Hughes contain similar yet different themes. Both of them contain not one but many themes of their own. The Tall Nettles contains a theme of abandonment, a theme of nature fighting back against man, and man-made objects, as well as the theme of inner beauty i. e. , beauty that is not obvious to the eye. The poet is showing that the plant is fierce, yet protective over a place that belongs to them, simply because no one else wants it. It portrays how the nettles have triumphed over man by covering the machines. Thomas shows this conquest over man in a positive light. It portrays the nettles as beautiful, yet they are not aesthetically pleasing. This seems to show that Thomas sees the inner beauty of the nettles; he portrays their resilience and strength. Thistles also contains the theme of nature fighting back against man as well as the theme of survival. Unlike in the previous poem, the thistles are fighting over land which is still desired by man. Hughes, unlike Thomas, portrays these battles in a negative light, and seems to portray the plants as the enemy. This poem is a lot more violent than the previous one, as it actually portrays the epic battle that the thistles fight to survive. Both these poems portray themes of nature fighting against man, and survival. Analysis of Thistles Thistles is a poem about survival and triumph. It portrays how thistles have to fight to stay alive, but they in fact conquer over their aggressors. In order to fully understand this one must analyze the poem stanza by stanza. In stanza 1 the very first word, Against, gives us the first clue to the plight of the thistle. It has many things which are against it, such as the rubber tongues of cows and the hoeing hands of men. The fact that the hoeing hands of men is used as an example of one of the thistles enemies, is ironic, because even though the men have hoes and mean to destroy, the thistles still survive. The use of spike in line 2 gives us a sharp, jagged image of artillery. Crackle in line 3 gives us this same effect. These war-like images are continued throughout the poem. The use of the word crackle gives us the idea that the thistle is tough, not gently opening, but crackling open, as if preparing for battle. In stanza two the poet introduces the idea of revenge. (Every one a revengeful burst) The poet uses the word burst to describe the purple exploded head of the thistle, and the spikes that protrude from this. The use of the word resurrection in line 2 supports the idea of the thistles never really dying. The grasped fistful of splintered weapons and Icelandic frost also refers to the head of the thistle, and how it appears to be like a hand that has grabbed a handful of weapons. The introduction of Icelandic frost brings in the first idea of the war between the Scots and the Vikings. Thrust up brings in the idea that the nettles are like the soldiers sent by nature to fight against man. In stanza two our idea of the thistles being sent by nature is continued. (From the underground stain of decayed Viking This is a reference to the Scots/ Vikings war again, but also a reference to the amazing ability of thistles to get nutrient from any soil, even using the nutrients of the dead body of a Viking. Another war-like image is apparent in the plume of blood referring to the plume of feathers traditionally worn by soldiers in a war. The final stanza begins in contrast to the other stanzas. These strong, unbeatable thistles are growing old and dying. They grow grey, describing how they age before death. But in the second line feud is used, describing how even though the thistle has died the war is not over. Their sons appear, ready to continue the battle over the land. They are stiff with weapons, making them seem unbeatable, almost over-laden with weapons. This poem is full of war-like images and references to historical events. It describes the way thistles never seem to die, and will keep fighting against man until they win. This poem is deeply emotional and metaphorical.

Human Resources Planning Exemple Business Essay

Human Resources Planning Exemple Business Essay Since individuals are requested to work together within organisations and corporations, the needs for organisations to create a human resources management department to manage their human capital became ineluctably necessary. From the past until nowadays, human resources management use its classical administrative function which is human resources planning to achieve its goal. Various authors and schools have different definitions of human resource planning. Vetter (1967) defined human resource planning as a process by which management determines how the organization should move from its current manpower position to its desired position. Through planning, managers strive to have the right number and the right kind of people, at the right places, at the right time, doing things which results in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefits. (p.15). More recently, Shaun Tyson (2006) agreed that in practice, HR planning is concerned with the demand and supply of labour and problems arising from the process of reconciling these factors. Any system has to be based on analyses of demand and supply and the plans and decisions which follow these analyses (p.110). In fact, employees are companies essential asset, so the changes in the global economy, the changes in social, political, technological as well as environmental factors requ ired human resource planning to be dealt carefully in organisations or companies if they want to ensure their business competitive advantage as well as if they want to achieve their organisations goals. Human resource management thus plays an important role within each business to achieve its goals, straightforward, its clear that it is necessary for small or large companies to have a strong and clear understanding of what is human resource planning and how does it contribute in achieving an organisations goals? About IBM International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) also known as big blue is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation based in New York, USA. The company founded in 1911 manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, infrastructure services, hosting services and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM offers a broad range of middleware for collaboration, predictive analytics, software development and the worlds most advanced servers and supercomputers. Utilizing its business consulting, technology and RD expertise, IB helps clients around the world become smarter as the planet becomes more digitally interconnected. That includes working with organizations and governments to build systems that improve traffic congestion, food safety, the availability of clean water, and health and safety populations. IBM has pioneered the corporate operating model for 21st century changing from a classic multinational to a global i ntegrated company with a highly skilled global workforce managed by a common set of values. (LinkedIn 2011) IBM is the world largest information technology employer with more than 400000 employees including engineers and consultants serving about 170 countries in the world. Since 2003, IBM corporation main values are: dedication to every clients success, innovation that matters, for our company and for the world, trust and personal responsibility in all relationships In our work, we will underline how IBM Corporation define human resource planning and how does it helps the company to meet its strategic goals. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PLANNING As recruitment and selection planning of employees are highly correlated with each organisations human resource planning, it is relevant to know that human resource managers are those who organise and are responsible for the work of employees and thus set up the relationships between employees within their organisations key of their performance. Managers use human resource planning to fulfil their obligations within their organisation. In the next paragraph, we will underline the importance of human resource planning before getting in the recruitment and selection step, to better understand how IBM Corporation proceeds for its recruitment strategies. Human resource planning, essential function of human resource management is not always implemented by many organisations, because critics believe that is mostly a matter of common sense than a complex equation to deal with by organisations planners. It shows that, the main purpose of human resource planning is not totally understood. Its known that companies are using their material, financial and human resources to generate revenues or profits. We also know that investing in a business is always attached with a risk; therefore planning the use of resources is how managers target to reduce this risk, achieve their goals and make profit for the company survival. But all the companies will always plan for their financial and material resources either long or short term plans because of the uncertainty environment of each business. Why planning for the most essential resource (human resource) still a matter of discussion? IBM Corporation leader in innovation invest huge amount of money more than $6 billion a year in its RD unit to improve companys performance. The companys RD department is associated with some universities in USA and Europe. Therefore, IBM using the results of many studies and research improve its core management and corporates goals. Today with changing nature of public sector workforce, IBM emphasise its workforce planning to meet the companys human capital requirement. Workforce planning tells an organization what types of skills are needed to get the job done. In doing so, workforce planning should drive all human capital strategies. Workforce planning is about aligning an organizations human capital-its people-with its business plan to achieve its mission. It helps ensure that the organization has the right people with the right skills in the right job at the right time. Workforce planning tells an organization what types of skills are needed to get the job done. In doing so, wor kforce planning should drive all human capital strategies. Workforce planning is about aligning an organizations human capital-its people-with its business plan to achieve its mission. It helps ensure that the organization has the right people with the right skills in the right job at the right time. (Ann Cotten, 2007. P4) Therefore, IBM uses the seven-step workforce planning model as a framework. The seven-step workforce planning has been set-up mainly by public sector organisations particularly in USA. The Seven-Step workforce planning is to: 1- Define the organisations strategic direction 2- Scan the internal and external environments 3- Model the current workforce 4- Assess future workforce needs and project future workforce supply 5- Identify gaps and develop gap-closing strategies 6- Implement gap-closing strategies 7- Evaluate the effectiveness of gap-closing strategies and revise strategies as needed In fact human resource planning should be a process and also and outcome, because of the unpredictable changes in both external and internal environment. It is not have to be a fixed system, it has to remain dynamic. Each company should adapt the component of human resource planning model according to its one circumstance, there is not a model of human resource planning enable to fit all companies at the same times. From these definitions one might get the impression that workforce planning is a rigid system that must be implemented agency-wide in order to do it right and reap the benefits. While many organizations follow a systematic approach, there is no one size- fits-all workforce planning program. (Ann. Cotton, 2007, p13). A good human resource planning allows managers to measure recruitment and selection, employees retention, training and development and manage employees performance. Recruitment and selection planning Recruitment can be defined as a process of identifying and hiring the best qualified individual ( from within or outside of an organisation) for a given vacancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner. Experts believe that recruitment is a very sensitive and important part of human resource management function within an organisation because its business survival relies on its employees. Organizations recruit their triumphs and disasters, their creativity, sustainability, and growth. (Shaun Tyson, 2006) Recruitment main stages can be shaped as: Identify and define the requirements for organisation Main tools used here are Job descriptions and job specifications. Two important models are mostly used by companies or organisations. The seven point plan and the fivefold grading system. The seven-point plan (Rodger, 1973) Physical health Attainments: skills knowledge Intelligence: specifics abilities Special aptitudes Interests: personal interests Disposition: self-reliance, drive, initiative Circumstances: personal circumstances as commitment, mobility. The seven-point plan model underlines both emotional intelligence as well as Intellectual quotient (IQ). The Fivefold grading system (Munro Fraser, 1966) Can be described by: Impact on others: appearance Qualification: work experience Innate abilities: aptitude to learn Motivation Adjustment: relationships with others The Fivefold grading system underlines Intellectual quotient (IQ) Attract potential employees Select and employ the appropriate people from the job applicants These are the main stages involved in the recruitment and selection procedures which is a continuous process, as internal or external factors can affect the business at any time, managers should be able to take and appropriate decision to tackle issues or opportunities occurring like: staff resignation or retirement, changes in business itself (market penetration or new market entrance), changes in business location or promotion. Therefore, recruitment is a dynamic process. Main factors describing recruitment and selection procedures can be summarise as follow: Characteristic of the job, Characteristics of applicants Characteristics of recruiters Recruiting policies. Let us focus in recruiting policies that creates an environment in which each business will operate. Organisations policies lead the business direction and main vision. All corporations should comply with laws regulations and procedures. Legal rules and requirements can be different from one country to another, but the market globalisation tends to promotes similar rules for each corporation all over the world. The laws relating to discrimination in employment are generally accepted worldwide. Shaun Tyson, 2006 clarify the importance of laws in recruitment policies: The legal framework covers racial, gender, religious, age and disability discrimination, as well as rules regarding ex-offenders, and references among other areas. This affects choices of recruitment methods, advertisements and the processes used. IBM recruitment policies are well known, since its creation, the company underlines is willing to promote respect for individual. The managers give more importance to their peop le than to companys products. Tom Watson IBMs founder said in 1957 there are many things I would like IBM to be known for, but no matter how big we become, I want this company to be known as the company which has the greatest respect for the individual. The value place on IBM employees was codified in one of their three fundamental principles (mentioned in our introduction). In 1926, IBMs founder, Thomas J. Watson, told employees that: They say a man is known for the company he keeps. We say in our business that a company is known by he men it keeps. IBM corporate implemented also implemented programs policies and practices to respect its employees. For example its open door policy, the Speak! up program, comprehensive employees opinions surveys and so one. By doing that, IBM acquires and retains quality people need for its businesss success. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES In todays increasing competition in the market, companies are looking to increase their benefits, their productivity and also to boost their employees performance. Training and development programs are tools use by most of the companies to reach their target and enhance their corporates culture. Although some companies dont give such importance to training and development matter because for them it is better to invest to acquire material asset than to improve their workforce skill. IBM always focus on its employees improvement even its recruitment policy focus on qualified workforce, they still need to implement its training programs. IBM founder Thomas J. Watson, said there is no saturation point in education. The benefits of training programs can be resuming as: Increased productivity and performance improvement Reduced server loads and bandwidth costs Stricter adherence to corporate policies Improved customer satisfaction Increased employee morale and retention Increased revenue The reason why most of companies dont apply training and development program is that they assume that the cost of this function doesnt worth enough to be taken on board within their organisation. In the opposite way, Gartner, 2007 said Untrained or poorly trained users will cost significantly more to support than well-trained workers. Untrained traveling workers who spend a significant portion of their time away from the office, and who often have networking questions from multiple remote locations, are generally more expensive to support, regardless of the types of devices theyre using. But in fact, the last changes operate among workforce shows that training can affects employees retention in a company. American Society for Training Development demonstrates in 2003 that 41% of employees at companies with inadequate training programs plan to leave within a year versus 12% of employees at companies who provide excellent training and professional development programs. The main value of training and development planning can also be defines as follow: Revenues generation. The more a company invest in its training programs, the higher its revenues are. Productivity and performance improvement. Skills and knowledge are ineluctably the essential keys factors in business survival. Cost reduction. Companies can save huge amount of money in labour cost just by improving their employees skills. Collateral saving. Companies that employ training programs would have a benefits form their product, but they may also see a unintended savings. It is now sure that training and development programs and companies success is highly correlated. By providing more tools to its employees and using also training and development as a factor of decision-making can lead a company to achieve easily its corporates goals, retains its employees and maintains its competitive advantage among its competitors. STAFF MOTIVATION AND APPRAISAL PLAN The possibility for a business to growth depends on the quality human resources within the organisation. How a company can rewards its employees after their performance. First of all, we know that to reward employees most of the organisation use money as a value for their rewarding system. To set up a reward system, managers always evaluate their employees. Job as reward system should be clear and fair for each employee. Talking about job evaluation, Shaun Tyson, 2006 said Job evaluation is a term used in a general way for a number of techniques that are in different forms. These techniques entail analysing and assessing the content of jobs so that they may be classified in an order relating to one another and to the marketplace. To have a fairly base, job evaluation need to have common features as far as possible to avoid inequalities among rewarding systems, it is necessary to set up at least general framework that fits in these different evaluation techniques. Common features of evaluation techniques are the following: Job evaluation is concerned with differences in the work itself, not in differences that are found between people. Reference is made to the content of the job, i.e. what the work consists of, what is being done, what skills are deployed and the actions that are performed. This is normally discovered by job analysis. There are predetermined criteria, or factors, against which each job is measured. These may be descriptions of the whole job, or of its component parts. The practice of involving those who are to be subject to the job evaluation at an early stage helps to ensure both accuracy in job analysis and a commitment to the job evaluation scheme. The outcome of a job evaluation should be wage and salary scales covering the range of evaluated jobs. All systems need regular review and updating, and have to be flexible enough to be of use for different kinds of work, so that new jobs can be accommodated. In fact many purposes are use to estimate employees salaries. It also correlated with government regulation laws and rules. We are not going to dig deeper in that area. One of the most important that companies need to take on board is looking their employees as individuals. The social aspect of each individual is dominated by its own expectations and needs. Ignoring this aspect of human, could leads sometimes in a failure of rewarding employees within a company. Wage and promotion are not the only ways to reward employees, many organisations as IBM introduce in their corporate goals a strong culture of rewarding that make employees feel safe and secure and then improve their performance, their commitment and a strong willing to stay in the company as employees. IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson, Jr. 1970 said Money and title alone are not enough to satisfy the kinds of people that make IBM great. What counts most of all is knowledge that individual contributions are recognized and valued. We all want to receive that sort of recognition and we must all be quick to give it, too. I believe youll find, in most cases that you give thoughtful care to your people, they can take care of the problems. That is the perfect illustration of what sort of organisation is IBM. They put individuals first and then the success comes easily after making IBM the most successful IT Company in which every scientist or employee would like to work and perform well since the last decade. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In our work, weve tried to demonstrate the importance of recruitment and selection, training and development policies, motivation and appraisal of labour in the achievement of corporates goals. Human resource capital is obviously the main important asset of each organisation. Although experts believe that managing human resource is mostly a matter of common sense, the changing environment, the actual need of economic market trend, the increasing competition among businesses might lead each organisation to think efficiently to find how to use this asset to achieve its corporates goals and make profit from its business. Managing wisely its human capital is the key success of many corporations as IBM. In 1969, IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson, Jr. wrote to his management team: Our basic belief is respect for the individual, for his rights and dignity. It follows from this principle that IBM should: help each employee to develop his potential and make the best use of his abilities; pay and promote on merit; and maintain two-way communications between manager and employee, with an opportunity for a fair hearing and equitable settlement of disagreements. Human resource planning is therefore a powerful tool for each organisation to create a useful link between its labour and its corporates goals, without this link, a company can easily runs out of its business. The main recommendation to all the companies willing to improve their performance is to use IBM corporate as a model if the want to survive in the present market that is highly competitive.

Childish Adults in 20th Century Irish Literature Essay -- Literary Ana

In modern Ireland, women are having children less than they were a few decades ago. This fact is illustrated within modern Irish literature. Children are scarce in William Trevor’s Reading Turgenev and in Edna O’Brien’s Wild Decembers. Both stories follow the struggles of adult Irish relationships that aren’t complicated with the task of raising children during the time of the plot. While the children are rarely anywhere to be found, many characters act like they are children when they supposed to be mature adults. Both novels portray adults as if they are childish. Trevor’s Reading Turgenev doesn’t introduce any characters that are children, but the adults in the story act more like children. Throughout the book, children do show up now and again, but they are merely memories of the characters in their youth. Mary Louise Dallon is usually pictured as a young girl by her old school teacher, Miss Mullover. Mary Louise’s husband, Elmer Quarry, is also mentioned as a child through his own flashbacks and memories. The schoolhouse in the town that Mary Louise, her siblings, and Elmer and his sisters were taught at by Miss Mullover is gone from the town. The only child that we are told about is Mary Louise’s sister Letty’s son and the readers don’t ever get to see him. Mary Louise is the biggest example of an adult acting more like a child. Mary Louise marries Elmer and the couple never have children of their own. The couple never consummate the marriage and Mary Louise will forever have her â€Å"innocence† like a child. Reading Turgenev constantly refers to Elmer as a man, Mary Louise is always considered to be just a girl. This word choice gives the reader the feeling as if Mary Louise is young, not old enough to be considered a woman... ...a for her. Breege, O’Briens most mature character in the story, even shows a childish side of herself. After Breege meets Rosemary, Bugler’s girlfriend, she has a sort of meltdown. Breege gets so upset she crawls into a nativity scene. It’s symbolic that Breege is crawling into the scene. The nativity scene is a scene of birth and Breege is reverting from walking, to crawling, maybe trying to get back to the state of birth. She would want to be in this state because she could be carefree and not have to worry about Bugler’s relationship. Any one person can take a guess at the deeper meaning of these novels. The only thing the reader knows for sure is that in these 20th century Irish novels, children are nowhere to be found. It’s obvious that both O’Brien and Trevor sacrificed using children in their novels to make their adult characters stand out that much more. Childish Adults in 20th Century Irish Literature Essay -- Literary Ana In modern Ireland, women are having children less than they were a few decades ago. This fact is illustrated within modern Irish literature. Children are scarce in William Trevor’s Reading Turgenev and in Edna O’Brien’s Wild Decembers. Both stories follow the struggles of adult Irish relationships that aren’t complicated with the task of raising children during the time of the plot. While the children are rarely anywhere to be found, many characters act like they are children when they supposed to be mature adults. Both novels portray adults as if they are childish. Trevor’s Reading Turgenev doesn’t introduce any characters that are children, but the adults in the story act more like children. Throughout the book, children do show up now and again, but they are merely memories of the characters in their youth. Mary Louise Dallon is usually pictured as a young girl by her old school teacher, Miss Mullover. Mary Louise’s husband, Elmer Quarry, is also mentioned as a child through his own flashbacks and memories. The schoolhouse in the town that Mary Louise, her siblings, and Elmer and his sisters were taught at by Miss Mullover is gone from the town. The only child that we are told about is Mary Louise’s sister Letty’s son and the readers don’t ever get to see him. Mary Louise is the biggest example of an adult acting more like a child. Mary Louise marries Elmer and the couple never have children of their own. The couple never consummate the marriage and Mary Louise will forever have her â€Å"innocence† like a child. Reading Turgenev constantly refers to Elmer as a man, Mary Louise is always considered to be just a girl. This word choice gives the reader the feeling as if Mary Louise is young, not old enough to be considered a woman... ...a for her. Breege, O’Briens most mature character in the story, even shows a childish side of herself. After Breege meets Rosemary, Bugler’s girlfriend, she has a sort of meltdown. Breege gets so upset she crawls into a nativity scene. It’s symbolic that Breege is crawling into the scene. The nativity scene is a scene of birth and Breege is reverting from walking, to crawling, maybe trying to get back to the state of birth. She would want to be in this state because she could be carefree and not have to worry about Bugler’s relationship. Any one person can take a guess at the deeper meaning of these novels. The only thing the reader knows for sure is that in these 20th century Irish novels, children are nowhere to be found. It’s obvious that both O’Brien and Trevor sacrificed using children in their novels to make their adult characters stand out that much more.

Just War :: Essays Papers

Just War What makes a just war? As you ponder this question, you ask yourself is there really a correct answer? The word "just" contradicts every aspect of war. Can a chaotic and brutal event, such as warfare, be guided by reason and fairness? During the height of the 12th and 13th century in Europe it was thought that every war should be fought for a just cause. It was during this time that the concept of chivalry arose, creating a sense of honorable and courteous conduct expected among knights. Knights were to feel a personal obligation to the weak and defenseless elements of their society. Therefore it became a knight's duty to fight off anyone causing harm to the helpless people of his society. The notion of fighting for the good of society thus became a just cause for war. The ideas of chivalry came about through the church in an effort to Christianize the military. The church made a knight take an oath that his sword "may be a defense of churches, widows, orphans, and of all those who were not entitled to bear arms." Books were also written that marked out the rules of chivalry in more detail such as The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and The Order of Poor Knights of Christ. The books stated things like, "protect churches and ecclesiastical property, unarmed women, non-noble children under the age of fourteen, and unarmed clergy peasants engaged in their labors." The rules of chivalry gave a purpose to fighting. War was honorable because it was for the protection of helpless people. Those who fought for the good of society were fighting for a good and just cause and would be looked highly upon in the eyes of God. The rules of chivalry also applied to the other side of warfare. Knights who were fighting had to follow honorable rules when dealing with the enemy. A chivalrous knight would not harm the weak or the defenseless people during warfare. In this way war became "fair" because only the armed would fight. The rules of chivalry became commonly understood social laws. Knights followed the rules of chivalry because it made them honorable, good men and pleased the Lord.

Terrorism - Lets Terrorize the Terrorists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Let's Terrorize the Terrorists The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon-anything of this magnitude forces all thinking people to reflect of the state of the world. Questions like, "how could anyone do this", gradually transform into, "how can we prevent similar events in the future." Security measures will be revised, perhaps immigration laws will be tightened and certainly aircraft procedures will be overhauled. But none of these things address the true cause of the attack. When we look at terrorism we assume motives like religious fundamentalism or revenge for perceived injustices. It's true that these factors are present in most terrorist groups but let's delve a little deeper into the mechanism necessary for long term or widespread campaigns against civilian targets. There are several resources that must be possessed if you want to manage a terrorist group... ? Money - Nothing in this world is free least of all weapons. ? Recruits - In this sort of enterprise casualties are high and for each suicidal attack squad there must be at least three times their number of support staff and backup members. ? A base of operations - To store materials, train troops and administer the organization. So, if I were interested in preventing terrorism and if I had the power, what could be done to undermine these three necessary ingredients? Money Even terrorist have bank managers. When you are dealing with millions of dollars in funding, or billions in the case of Osama bin Laden, you can't just hide it in the mattress. Money leaves traces, both in its acquisition and in its expenditure. But government agencies are prevented from exploring these transactions too closely because of the security measures enforced by the worldwide banking industry. Issues of privacy, liberty and sovereignty all serve to bolster the banks' resolution. I personally believe the banks have a responsibility to protect us from the effects of terrorist funds. If the UN identifies international terrorists, then the banks should freeze any and all funds that can be attributed to each group. National intelligence agencies should have limited rights to investigate financial links through the banks in an effort to track these funds down. It's a question of priority. Is perfect privacy more important than the death and suffering of thousands? Recruits Osama bin Laden is said to have thousands of supporters.